[Adipocytes and macrophages functional morphology in obese humans: correlation with plasma leptins level].

White adipose tissue macrophages and both in peripheral blood simples obtained in biopsies from male (n=14) and female (n=11) gluteal depots, were observes by light and electron microscopic methods, in obese in patients with BMI (35,2±7,9 and 31,3±8,5) in female and men, consequently. The data indicates on the positive correlation between adipocytes death, macrophages local activization and leptins level in obese individuals. Recent evidence indicates the correlation between increased leptin prodaction level and adipocytes necrotic foci in WAT, which is trigger lipid tissue persistans necrotic foci and formation chronic inflammation response in obese individuals.

[Correlation between dental pulp demyelination degree and pain visual analogue scale scores data under acute and chronic pulpitis].

The aim of study is the analysis of pulp nerve fibers demyelination degree and its relationship with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score that may be measured as objective criteria. Material and methods of study. Step I: electron micrografs of dental pulp simples with special interest of myelin structural changes detected in 3 scores system, obtained from 80 patients, displays in 4 groups: 1) acute and 2) chronic pulpitis without and with accompined systemic deseases, 20 patients in each group. Dental care was realized in Kutaisi N1 Dental clinic. Step II - self-reported VAS used for describing dental pain. All data were performed by SPSS 10,0 version statistics including Spearmen-rank and Mann-Whitny coefficients for examine the validity between pulp demyelination degree and pain intensity in verbal, numbered and box scales. Researched Data were shown that damaged myelin as focal decomposition of membranes and Schwann cells hyperthrophia correspond with acute dental pain intensity as Spearman index reported in VAS numbered Scales, myelin and axoplasm degeneration as part of chronic gangrenous pulpitis disorders are in direct correlation with VAS in verbal, numbered and behavioral Rating Scales. In fact, all morphological and subjective data, including psychomotoric assessment of dental painin pulpitis may be used in dental practice for evaluation of pain syndrome considered personal story.

[Parameters of thyroid glands functional units in diffuse toxic and nodular euthyroid goiter in population of border areas of Azerbaijan and Georgia].

The purpose of the study--estimate of thyroid tissue quantitative alteration features in different types of goiter on the operative material with a data of morphometry (stereometry) data, histology and electron microscopy in the border (neighboring) regions of Georgia and the Azerbaijan. Cohort study group made up thyroid specimens from 187 patients with nodular euthyroid and diffuse toxic goiter operated in the clinics of Azerbaijan Medical University (Baku) and the National Institute of Endocrinology in Tbilisi for the period 2010 - 2012. Results of the follicules and capillaries morphometric study indicate common clinico-morphologic manifestations of thyroid disorders in the studied regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan, as well as to: 1) determinate capacity to the hyperplastic processes in the thyroid parenchyma under the nodular euthyroid goiter, 2) the disbalance between the clinical manifestation of the disease and its growth potential, which is important to define the "biological behavior" of thyroid nodules, including relapse.

[Immunohistochemical profile of angiogenesis in the thyroid gland in various thyroid diseases].

The purpose of the study - to determine the feature of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) expression in the thyroid gland (TG) in various thyroid diseases. Material - thyroid tissue (operative material) with histologically confirmed diagnosis: 10 - follicular adenoma, 17 - multinodular goiter, 8 - thyroiditis Hashimoto, 8 - papillary carcinoma, 10 - intact (normal) thyroid samples (forensic autopsy). The immunohistochemical study of the material showed the following results: the increase of the Hürtle cells population 40 % or more indicates a hyperthyroidism tendency despite TSH+ receptor status. Under the thyroid pathology TSH and VEGF expression appears in thyrocytes and also in microvascular endothelial cells. VEGF expression is below the norm in the Hashimoto thyroiditis. VEGF is involved not only in angiogenesis, but in pathophysiological shifts in thyroid tissue. Microvessel density (MVD) and TSH positive receptor status under the thyroid pathology testify the absence of the endothelial cells transformation, however, this index can not serve as a biopothential prognostic marker of thyroid disease.

[The importance of local and general factors in development of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents].

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of local and general adverse risk factors and their role in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents. The study of the dental status among 618 school children, 9 to 15 years of age has been performed. The obtained results revealed an ambiguous influence of general and local risk factors on the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Namely, among the general risk factors the main role is given to hormonal functioning state of juvenile age (26.5%) - (arhythmia formation of hormonal activity). Among the local risk factors inducing inflammatory periodontal diseases at young age, the most significant are tooth-jaw anomalies (32.2%), especially - dental occlusion pathology, lips' bridle attachment anomalies, absence of interdental contacts, small vestibule of the mouth and so on. Poor oral hygiene, however, is also a significant factor in all age groups. Definition of the role and importance of general and local risk factors, taking into consideration patient's age, is of great importance in organization of early prevention, giving the possibility to predict disease possible development, choose most appropriate way to treat the specific situation, reduce the need of complex treatment and improve treatment outcomes.

[The level of matrix metalloproteinases and type IV collagen in the gingival mucosa under different clinical forms of periodontitis in pre-and pubertal periods and their prognostic value].

The purpose of the study - the analysis of the prevalence and gravity of periodontal diseases among school adolescents and detection the relationship between the degree of periodontal tissues changes and the hormonal status of the prepubertal and pubertal periods. The total number of observations - 618 Tbilisi schoolchildren at the age of 9 to 17 years. Cohort group (n=50) was divided by age: 1) 9-13 years (n=26), 2) 14-17 years (n=24). The material for morphological and immunohistochemical study were the samples of periodontal tissues, received during the tooth extraction according the orthodontic testimony. The samples of the gingival mucosa was stained by hematoxylin and eosin, in the same samples the Matrix Metalloproteinases expression and activity were determined by immunohistochemistry using a primary antibody MMP-1 and MMP-2 ("Novocastra", UK). The results of immunohistochemical reactions were estimated in scores by semiquantitative method. For the detection of type IV collagen in basement membranes the samples were stained by the "Direct Red-80" ("Sigma"). It was found that the increase of Matrix Metalloproteinases expression and the type IV collagen degeneration in basement membrane depend on the age, particularly the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in the period of 14-17 years (puberty) is upwards than in the group of 9-13 years. Studies have also demonstrated the clinical significance of Matrix Metalloproteinases ММР-1, 2 activity indicating the dissociation of the extracellular substance and type IV collagen in the assessment of severity and prognosis of periodontal complex pathology in pre-and pubertal periods.

[Periodontal tissue pathology in pubertal children (pupils)].

The study aimed at investigation of the rate of periodontal pathologies in juvenile adolescents, the analysis of the severity of the disease and detection of the correlation between the periodontal tissue pathology and hormonal status of pre-and pubertal periods. A stomatologic (dental) status of 618 pupils, 9-15 of ages in Tbilisi General Education Schools has been studied--to detect the rate and intensity of periodontal pathologies and analyze the influence of hormonal changes of juvenile periodontal tissues. According to the obtained results we can conclude that the high rate of periodontal diseases has been fixed in pre-pubertal and pubertal schoolchildren (pupils). It should be emphasized that the degree of periodontal tissue pathologies increases with age. In addition, the mentioned pathology was more frequently fixed and expressed in girls, 12-13 of ages and in boys, 14-15 of ages. Juvenile periodontal pathologies most frequently is generalized, which most frequently is aggravated with the existence of jaw-dental anomalies and the poor oral hygiene status.

[Features of immunohistochemical markers expression in cervical epithelium under thyroid dysfunction].

The purpose of the investigation was to study the morphological variants and molecular markers features of the epithelial component of cervical mucosa under thyroid dysfunction. The study groups were: group A: 180 patients operated by colloidal goiter with verified hypothyreosis treated by L-thyroxin; group B: 168 patients with similar diagnosis without replacement therapy during last 3 years; control group:150 patients with euthyreosis. Mono- and polyclonal antibodies to TSH, EGFR and VEGF were used as primary antibodies. The pathological foci in cervical mucosa displayed the following types of epithelial changes: the epithelium in proliferation stage; epithelial hyperplasia without atypia; atrophic epithelium.; The data were shown an increased expression of TSH, EGFR and VEGF which increased from proliferation to hyperplasia without atypia, also adenomyosis foci was more frequent in group without replacement therapy by L-thyroxin (group B), than in group A with hypothyreosis treated by hormone and in control group - euthyreosis. The foci of AM were characterized by the molecular atypia of TSH and growth factors EGFR and VEGF which indicate on the biological progression of cervical mucosa changes under hypothyreosis.

The spectrum of hemispheral cortex lesions in intrauterine alcoholic intoxication.

Aim of the study was to examine the specific morphological changes of brain cortex in fetal alcoholic intoxication model. The latter was performed in male and female animals by substituting water with 15% ethyl alcohol during 1 month period, which was followed by putting pregnant females on alcohol of the same concentration for the duration of the whole period of pregnancy (21 days). 24 experimental and 10 control (intact) animals were subjected to study overall. The study material applied the samples of brain convexital cortex from foetus and newborn rats. Paraffin-embedded slices (films) were dyed by the method of Nissle and hematoxylin eosin. After immersion fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium acid solutions followed by double contrasting, the ultrathin slices were studied in the electron microscope Tesla BS 500. Macroscopic study demonstrated the hyperemia of pia with partial incorporation, different types of neuroorganogenesis disturbance, also, leptomeningeal heterotopia and microcephaly in 6 cases from 24 (25%) in the experimental group. Morphology of cortical damage to fetal brain in alcoholic intoxication was demonstrated by progressive massive destruction of neuronal mitochondria, involutional changes in dendrites and their processes and glial proliferation, which possibly account for the structural basis of energetic and informational deficit in neurons. Acquired data may be extrapolated on human model of alcoholic embryopathy with subsequent cognitive problems.

[Atrial myxomas: histopathologic variants].

Atrial myxomas are rare, usually benign, intracardiac tumors composed of mucopolysaccharides. Almost all myxomas are found attached to the endocardium in the atria with vast majority being on the left side and can be removed by surgical resection. Two rare cases of myxomas ablated from the left atrial cavity are presented. Surgical correction, is curative with a low operative mortality and an excellent long term prognosis. Tumor morphology and histological appearance are presented. Effect of age on left atria morphology was observed.

[The value of gingival mucosa cell cooperation in patho- and morphogenesis of experimental periodontitis].

The paper considers the main lines of subepithelial mucosa cells during experimental periodontitis (EP) in albino rats. Macrophage ultrastructure was analysed, quantitative investigation of macrophages, mast cells, plasmo-and lymphocyites was conducted; progressing microcirculatory disorders and development of endothelial dysfunction was found. The authors assumed that the development of inflammatory response including abnormal epithelial and subepithelial mucosa reparation reflects the balance in intracellular composition.

[The evidence of matrix metalloproteinases and its tissue inhibitors in children's affected gingiva].

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and its tissue inhibitors (TIMP) were studied in 14 affected and 11 "control" samples from children in cases of dental extraction. Cytokeratin 14 coexpression also was analyzed in this materials by immunohistochemical study. Total RNA was extracted and the transcript levels for MMP-19 and TIMP-4 were determined by semi-quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase Chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results demonstrated direct correlation between increased MMP/TIMP ration and inflamed gingival tissue breakdown.

[Morpho-functional estimation of blood-air barrier and lung surfactant in rats of different age].

The alveolar-capillary barrier (or membrane, or blood-air barrier) exists in the gas exchanging region of the lungs. The investigation of the structural components of blood-air barrier under the influence of different factors in the organism at different age is one of the clinically significant problems of medicine. The influence of duration barocameral hypoxia on blood-air barrier of the mature and old age rats was studied. The significant changes of the blood-air barrier components both in ontogenesis and under hyperbaric hypoxia, especially in old age were revealed. Research proves the significant role of blood-air barrier factor on the age-associated involution of respiratory system (fibrosis, sclerosis). The most sensitive were cytoplasmatic processes of type I alveolocytes. Type II alveolocytes, basic membrane and elastic fibers in interstitial tissue were more stabile. The investigation showed that blood-air barrier directly reacts on environmental factors, decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air.

[Morphological correlate of newborns peripheral blood cells with activity of maternal cytomegalovirus infection].

Peripheral blood cells specimens were analyzed electron microscopically in 14 newborns with congenital CMV infection (I group) and in 11 newborns with sub clinical form of CMV infection (II group) to correlate the ultra structural features of the neonates' blood cells with the maternal CMV activity in active primary and reactivated latent CMV infection forms. Control - 20 healthy newborns. The groups were arranged according the data of immune testing on IgM and IgG antibodies using ELIZA method. Criteria for cases were: 1) neonatal death and 2) severe respiratory distress or central nervous system-related symptoms at birth. In group I ultra structural findings of basophiles and lymphocytes indicate on severe damages of cells related to high risk (35%) of vertical transmission of CMV infection by placenta. In group II with relative less risk of the vertical transmission (20%) in latent reactivated CMV infection in blood cells, especially, lymphocytes, the structural changes such apoptosis and necrosis were found. The data obtained suggest the presence of significant premorbid background with subclinical course of CMV infection and structural damages of blood cells in newborns.

[Morphometric characteristic of the subepithelial connective tissue of the rabbit gingiva under the experimental gingivitis on the background of hypercholesterinemia].

The morphologic substrate of the gingival mucosa membrane during the increase of the proatherogenic lipids concentration and the damage the gingiva under the influence of the atherogenic diet was studied in experiment. By the planimetric method the middle indices of the number of capillaries, arterioles and venules and as well the quantities of immunocompetent cells (macrophages and lymphocytes) in the gingival subepithelial connective tissue were defined. The experiments were carried out on rabbits (race "Shinshila"). Animals were on atherogenic ration (cholesterol 0,3 g/kg with vegetables). The experimental gingivitis was modeled by ligation of a silk ligature around the dental neck of the tree superior basal teeth after peeling the gingiva. It was established that under the gingivitis developing against the background of hypercholesterinemia in the subepithelial layer of the gingival mucosa the degree of the vascularisation distinctly diminished, owing to the decrease the number of arteriols and partly capillaries and transformation their walls--the thin-walled capillaries with obliterated, deformated lumen appeared. Endotheliocites with changed structure, ordinary pycnosis of nuclei which creates the necessary prereqvisites for the disturbance of trophicity and progression of the inflammatory process.

[The placental histo- and ultrastructure peculiarities during the cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant].

Object of the investigation - estimation of changes of the feto-placental complex and syncytiotrophoblaston based on the placental morphology and the activity of the antiviral antibodies in expectant mothers. The work is based on findings from 50 expectant mothers with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection - 43 with reactivation of the latent infection according to the data of high avid IgG (86%) and 7 with primary active CMV infection according the level of the low avid IgG (14%). 20 healthy expectant mothers were included in the control group. It was shown that the active primary and reactivated CMV infection accompanied by the drawing in pathologic process the chorion structures in a productive inflammation - chorionamnionis and choriovillusitis manner, which testify to drawing the fetus immune system in reciprocal reaction with subsequent intrauterine growth retardation.

[Evaluation of the preserved skin graft viability by O2 consumption test].

This study provides a description of the functional changes occurring in rat skin grafts preserved at 4 C in natural honey during 3, 7, 14, 30 days. To determine of the preserved skin viability we used the physiological test by measurement of O2 consumption rate in the culture media. O2 consumption measurement provided by Zieger MA, et al. For control was used normal and dead skin samples. Normal skin O2 consumption rate was considered as 100% viability, and dead skin - 0%. Preserved skin O2 consumption rate per 3, 7, 14, 30 days was - 72%, 38%, 15%, 8% respectively. Natural honey is antiseptic and cryoprotective material. Based on our investigation we can conclude that preservation method--meliteration is effective storage procedure for transplantation means (satisfactory viability preserved about 2-3 weeks). At the same time O2 consumption test gives us objective information about tissue viability potential. This method is very simple and useful for scientific investigation and practical medicine.

[Changes in ultrastructure of lung aerohematic barrier and blood gas indices in long term exercise].

The aim of the study was to find out the key manifestations of reorganization of lung aerohematic barrier (AB) components (cellular and tissue) in the process of a prolonged physical exercise, taking into account changes in the indices of blood acid-basic balance (ABB). The physical exercise (running in treadbane, 2 hours daily, rotation frequency -- 19 r/min) was reproduced in white laboratory rats, body weight 180.0-200.0 gr. Pulmonary tissue specimens were collected after 3, 7, 10-60 days. ABB was determinate in capillary blood samples with the apparatus "Microastrup". The materials were used for general histological, electronmicroscopic and morphometric examination. The digital findings were treated with MS Excel. The earliest informative sign of appearance of surfactant dependent atelectasis and alveolar epithelium is trombocytes stasis in interaalveolar capillary lumens with plasma insudation into the depth of aerohematic barrier that is negatively reflected on the processes of ventilation and gas exchange with the tendency of development of hypercapnia and metabolic acidosis to the end (50-60 days) of the experiment. The structural basis of this state is collagen formation in aerohematic barrier tissue component.

[Clinical and morphological parameters of the evaluation of efficiency of biopolymeric films in the treatment of chronic periodontitis].

The purpose of our work was to study clinical and morphological effect of biopoly (Georgia) films in the treatment of chronic general periodontitis of II degree in the exacerbation stage. Under our supervision there were 22 patients with the diagnosis of chronic general periodontitis of II degree in stage of aggravation. After specification of clinical parameters we started treatment of periodontitis using biopoly films and results were observed in dynamics: at the beginning, after 2, 7 and 10 days, and control survey carried out after 3 months. As a material for histologic and electronic-microscopic research served gingival bioptates taken before treatment, after 24 hours and 3 months. The data have shown, that using biopoly films in the complex treatment of chronic general periodontitis of II degree in a stage of aggravation gave us the good effect both in clinical and morphological aspect, that is caused by direct action of biopoly films on the periodontal tissue, stimulating reparative and regenerative processes of the epithelial cover.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of gingival mucous cellular composition in experimental gingivitis].

The aim of the work was to estimate morphological changes in cells of gingival mucous membrane in the experimental gingivitis model. Fifty rats with the body weight of 120-160 gr. were used in the experiment. Gingivitis was modeled by front teeth ligation after a preliminary exfoliation of mucous membrane in the dental neck area. The specimens were examined by histological method and electron microscopy on the 3rd, 5th, 14th and 28th days of the experiment. It has been shown that cellular population of plasmocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and mast cells take part in the inflammatory process. In all the areas of microcirculation occurs transformation of endotheliocytes like papillas; the process of roughening of collagenous fibrils indicates their significant role in the inflammatory damage of gingiva.